Today, you will load a filtered gapminder dataset - with a subset of data on global development from 1952 - 2007 in increments of 5 years - to capture the period between the Second World War and the Global Financial Crisis.
Your task: Explore the data and visualise it in both static and animated ways, providing answers and solutions to 7 questions/tasks below.
First, start with installing the relevant packages ‘tidyverse’, ‘gganimate’, and ‘gapminder’.
First, see which specific years are actually represented in the dataset and what variables are being recorded for each country. Note that when you run the cell below, Rmarkdown will give you two results - one for each line - that you can flip between.
str(gapminder)
## tibble [1,704 × 6] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ country : Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ continent: Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ year : int [1:1704] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
## $ lifeExp : num [1:1704] 28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
## $ pop : int [1:1704] 8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 14880372 12881816 13867957 16317921 22227415 ...
## $ gdpPercap: num [1:1704] 779 821 853 836 740 ...
unique(gapminder$year)
## [1] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
head(gapminder)
## # A tibble: 6 × 6
## country continent year lifeExp pop gdpPercap
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Afghanistan Asia 1952 28.8 8425333 779.
## 2 Afghanistan Asia 1957 30.3 9240934 821.
## 3 Afghanistan Asia 1962 32.0 10267083 853.
## 4 Afghanistan Asia 1967 34.0 11537966 836.
## 5 Afghanistan Asia 1972 36.1 13079460 740.
## 6 Afghanistan Asia 1977 38.4 14880372 786.
The dataset contains information on each country in the sampled year, its continent, life expectancy, population, and GDP per capita.
Let’s plot all the countries in 1952.
theme_set(theme_bw()) # set theme to white background for better visibility
ggplot(subset(gapminder, year == 1952), aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10()
We see an interesting spread with an outlier to the right. Answer the following questions, please:
Because the distribution is a growth function, by taking it on a log scale, every step up the y-axis is an identical percent change in real GDP per capita. This makes the graph easier interpretable.
The outlier, or the richest country in 1952 is kuwait:
gapminder %>% subset(.$year == 1952) %>% arrange(desc(gdpPercap))
## # A tibble: 142 × 6
## country continent year lifeExp pop gdpPercap
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Kuwait Asia 1952 55.6 160000 108382.
## 2 Switzerland Europe 1952 69.6 4815000 14734.
## 3 United States Americas 1952 68.4 157553000 13990.
## 4 Canada Americas 1952 68.8 14785584 11367.
## 5 New Zealand Oceania 1952 69.4 1994794 10557.
## 6 Norway Europe 1952 72.7 3327728 10095.
## 7 Australia Oceania 1952 69.1 8691212 10040.
## 8 United Kingdom Europe 1952 69.2 50430000 9980.
## 9 Bahrain Asia 1952 50.9 120447 9867.
## 10 Denmark Europe 1952 70.8 4334000 9692.
## # … with 132 more rows
Next, you can generate a similar plot for 2007 and compare the differences
ggplot(subset(gapminder, year == 2007), aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10()
The black bubbles are a bit hard to read, the comparison would be easier with a bit more visual differentiation.
Tasks:
options(scipen = 999)
ggplot(gapminder %>% subset(.$year == 2007), aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop, col = continent)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10()
gapminder %>% subset(.$year == 2007) %>% arrange(desc(gdpPercap)) %>% top_n(., 5)
## Selecting by gdpPercap
## # A tibble: 5 × 6
## country continent year lifeExp pop gdpPercap
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Norway Europe 2007 80.2 4627926 49357.
## 2 Kuwait Asia 2007 77.6 2505559 47307.
## 3 Singapore Asia 2007 80.0 4553009 47143.
## 4 United States Americas 2007 78.2 301139947 42952.
## 5 Ireland Europe 2007 78.9 4109086 40676.
As you can see the 5 richest countries in 2007 are Norway, Kuwait, Singapore, United States and Ireland.
The comparison would be easier if we had the two graphs together, animated. We have a lovely tool in R to do this: the gganimate package. Beware that there may be other packages your operating system needs in order to glue interim images into an animation or video. Read the messages when installing the package.
Also, there are two ways of animating the gapminder ggplot.
The first step is to create the object-to-be-animated
anim <- ggplot(gapminder, aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10() # convert x to log scale
anim
p <- ggplot(
gapminder,
aes(x = gdpPercap, y=lifeExp, size = pop, colour = country)
) +
geom_point(show.legend = FALSE, alpha = 0.7) +
scale_color_viridis_d() +
scale_size(range = c(2, 12)) +
scale_x_log10() +
labs(x = "GDP per capita", y = "Life expectancy")
#> Error in ggplot(gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, size = pop, : could not find function "ggplot"
p
#> Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'p' not found
p + transition_time(year) +
labs(title = "Year: {frame_time}")
#> Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'p' not found
file_renderer(dir = ".", prefix = "gganim_plot", overwrite = FALSE)
## function (frames, fps)
## {
## if (!dir.exists(dir))
## dir.create(dir, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
## new_names <- file.path(dir, sub("gganim_plot", prefix, basename(frames)))
## if (any(!file.copy(frames, new_names, overwrite = overwrite))) {
## warning("file_renderer failed to copy frames to the destination directory",
## call. = FALSE)
## }
## invisible(new_names)
## }
## <bytecode: 0x7f93fb4346f0>
## <environment: 0x7f93fb42f928>
This plot collates all the points across time. The next step is to split it into years and animate it. This may take some time, depending on the processing power of your computer (and other things you are asking it to do). Beware that the animation might appear in the bottom right ‘Viewer’ pane, not in this rmd preview. You need to knit the document to get the visual inside an html file.
anim + transition_states(year,
transition_length = 1,
state_length = 1)
…
Notice how the animation moves jerkily, ‘jumping’ from one year to the next 12 times in total. This is a bit clunky, which is why it’s good we have another option.
This option smoothes the transition between different ‘frames’, because it interpolates and adds transitional years where there are gaps in the timeseries data.
gapminder = gapminder
anim2 <- ggplot(gapminder, aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10() + # convert x to log scale
transition_time(year) +
labs(x = "GDP per capita", y = "Life expectancy")
animate(anim2, renderer = gifski_renderer())
The much smoother movement in Option 2 will be much more noticeable if you add a title to the chart, that will page through the years corresponding to each frame.
Now, choose one of the animation options and get it to work. You may need to troubleshoot your installation of gganimate and other packages
Can you add a title to one or both of the animations above that will change in sync with the animation? (Hint: search labeling for transition_states() and transition_time() functions respectively)
Can you made the axes’ labels and units more readable? Consider expanding the abreviated lables as well as the scientific notation in the legend and x axis to whole numbers.
pacman::p_load(viridis)
anim3 <- ggplot(gapminder, aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop, col = continent)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10() + # convert x to log scale
labs(subtitle = "{closest_state}") + # add frame variable as subtitle
transition_states(states = year) +
labs(x = "GDP per capita", y = "Life expectancy")
anim3
animate(anim3, renderer = gifski_renderer())
gapminder_unfiltered = gapminder_unfiltered
gapminder_unfiltered dataset and download more at https://www.gapminder.org/data/ ]I expect there to be a different dependency between population number and gdp in Asia, europe and america. Therefore, I run a linear model with an interaction between GDP and continent, then I filter out only these three continents:
lm1 = lm(pop~gdpPercap*continent, data = gapminder_unfiltered %>% filter(.$continent %in% c("Europe", "Asia", "Americas")))
interact_plot(lm1, pred = gdpPercap, modx = continent)
Here we can see that there is a positive relationship between population size and GDP in America, while it is negative in Asia. Further, there is no relationship between population size and GDP in europe. This could speak to the different political stances in the different continents.
To understand this realtionship with a time dependency, I use gganimate, to visualize the relationship in time:
anim4 <- ggplot(gapminder %>% filter(.$continent %in% c("Europe", "Asia", "Americas")) %>% mutate(pop = as.numeric(pop)), aes(x = gdpPercap, y = pop, col = continent)) +
geom_point() +
scale_x_log10() + # convert x to log scale
labs(subtitle = "{closest_state}") + # add frame variable as subtitle
transition_states(states = year) +
labs(x = "GDP per capita", y = "Population Size") +
facet_wrap(~continent)
anim4
animate(anim4, renderer = gifski_renderer())